4lomza.pl/

Tak tylko to nie było centrum Łomży a Piątnica więc różnica chyba jest.

Wyjazd to masz odwołany ze swojego ośrodka psychiatrycznego.

Piątek, Piątkiem, Warszawa Warszawą, ale chardkor to będzie dopiero jak zrobią zwężenie przy WORDIE i na bank nie skończą według zapowiedzi mostu Hubala.
Nobla dla urzędnika w ratuszu, który to wszystko koordynuje... wymienić go z nazwiska, zapamietamy go i jego przełożonych do najbliższych wyborów

W sklepach z lakierami samochodowymi jest klej w spraju do tapicerek, to powinno ci pomuc.

Jeśli ma ktoś psa rasy alaskan malamute to prosze o kontakt na maila nasssti@wp.pl

"tanio skory nie sprzedam...bo jak za cos sie biore to robie to na 100%"

hahaha rozj*balo mnie to, Jasiu sam siebie przeszedłeś :P

Jestem Polakiem więc mam obowiązki polskie
" Wnuk gestapowca z wnukiem UBowca krzyczą faszysta na wnuka AKowca"
"Tyle, tylko tyle i aż tyle" A. Macierewicz

Stadion zostanie oficjalnie zlikwidowany z mojej inicjatywy, wniosę również do trybunału delegalizację tego sportu bo wiąże się on jedynie z chamstwem i zamieszkami. Tak być nie będzie. Nie pozdrawiam.

zgadzam sie co za pojeby siedza w tym pierdo.... ratuszu zeby na dwoch mostach robic remont nawet nie pomysla jak to utrudnia ruch tylko wziasc jakies dobrej paly i dopier.w te puste sagany

odpowiednie okulary zmniejszą ikony...

"burczymucha" to nie chodzi o te 15 minut, tylko o odrobinę pomyślunku w działaniu. Pozdrowienia dla włodarzy z Ratusza!! KOCHAJMY ICH BO TAK SZYBKO ODEJDĄ;)

up !

rzetelny... jedyny temat, w którym możesz pisać do woli i do tego nikt nie będzie się do Ciebie czepiał, to temat pt. "jasiu_śmietana". Tam się wyżywaj, tam Twoi przyjaciele i tam Twoje miejsce inteligencie;)

Wielki Zegarmistrz zabija.
Czasem...

Treść jest ukryta

Ostrzegam, że mam już i tak podstawy aby zawiesić cię w prawach obywatela. Pozdrawiam.

Treść jest ukryta

Treść jest ukryta

Treść jest ukryta

no to podpowiedzieli:) rozbije obóż pod prusa 8 i bedzie czekac nie wiadomo na co

Treść jest ukryta

robrob sprawdzę czy to da radę i dziękuję. Ktoś ma może jeszcze jakiś pomysł? Może konkretna nazwa takiego kleju?

szczerbiotka a darmo to mozsz w nosa dostac:))

A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[96] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, e.g. Chechens.[97] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
Debates on race
Hamitic race
Further information: Hamitic

According to some historians, the tale in Genesis 9 in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.[98] According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the Deluge and giving rise to three separate races.[99]

The biblical passage, Book of Genesis 9:20–27, which deals with the sons of Noah, however, makes no reference to race. The reputed curse of Ham is not on Ham, but on Canaan, one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.[100][101] The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define black people, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.[101]

Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that black people were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.[102] According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:

in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.[102]

Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such racist interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like Philo and Origen of Alexandria, who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.[103]
In Afrocentrism
Main articles: Afrocentrism and Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left): Libyan, Nubian, Asiatic, Egyptians.

A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the ancient Egyptians was sparked as part of the Afrocentric debate.[104] Afrocentrist scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop contend that ancient Egypt was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is Herodotus, who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."[105] However, Classical scholar Frank Snowden, Jr. cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.[106]

Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.[107]

Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.[108] According to Egyptologists, ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.[104][109] Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an Africoid element was evident in ancient Egypt,[110] which was predominant in Abydos in the First dynasty of Egypt.[111][112]
See also

* African-American
* African diaspora
* Africans
* Afro-Asian
* Afro-Latino



* Black British
* Black Canadians
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Black Indians
* Black pride, Black Power, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Black supremacy



* List of topics related to Black and African people
* Negritos
* Stereotypes of black people
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* The Minds of Marginalized Black Men (book)

Footnotes

1. ^ Human skin color diversity is highest or sub-Saharan African populations. NIH.gov
2. ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
3. ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
4. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-071-47256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
6. ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-763-76593-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
7. ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
8. ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
9. ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
10. ^ a b Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
11. ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
12. ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
13. ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
14. ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
15. ^ a b c Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
16. ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0156005832.
17. ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
18. ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
19. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
20. ^ Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
21. ^ Remembering East African slave raids
22. ^ The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over
23. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
24. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
25. ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
26. ^ The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)
27. ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
28. ^ Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations
29. ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
30. ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
31. ^ Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0714634875
32. ^ African Union Summit
33. ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Qur'an 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
34. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
35. ^ ""Slavery in Arabia"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
36. ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
37. ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
38. ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
39. ^ Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008
40. ^ The Ethiopian Population In Israel. Reuters. July 16, 2009.
41. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma. ABC News. August 12, 2009.
42. ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
43. ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
44. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr.. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream. [Google Video]. Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
45. ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. doi:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
46. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2004-09-08). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
47. ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0972529098. OCLC 61694280.
48. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
49. ^ 2000 US Census basics
50. ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
51. ^ a b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
52. ^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
53. ^ Sweet, Frank (Backintyme Essays). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. 2006-04-01. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
54. ^ a b Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
55. ^ "Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'". BBS News. 2007-04-13. http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
56. ^ White, John Kennet. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Race". Catholic University of America. http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm.
57. ^ a b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
58. ^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27. A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[96] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, e.g. Chechens.[97] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
Debates on race
Hamitic race
Further information: Hamitic

According to some historians, the tale in Genesis 9 in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.[98] According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the Deluge and giving rise to three separate races.[99]

The biblical passage, Book of Genesis 9:20–27, which deals with the sons of Noah, however, makes no reference to race. The reputed curse of Ham is not on Ham, but on Canaan, one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.[100][101] The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define black people, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.[101]

Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that black people were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.[102] According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:

in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.[102]

Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such racist interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like Philo and Origen of Alexandria, who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.[103]
In Afrocentrism
Main articles: Afrocentrism and Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left): Libyan, Nubian, Asiatic, Egyptians.

A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the ancient Egyptians was sparked as part of the Afrocentric debate.[104] Afrocentrist scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop contend that ancient Egypt was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is Herodotus, who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."[105] However, Classical scholar Frank Snowden, Jr. cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.[106]

Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.[107]

Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.[108] According to Egyptologists, ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.[104][109] Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an Africoid element was evident in ancient Egypt,[110] which was predominant in Abydos in the First dynasty of Egypt.[111][112]
See also

* African-American
* African diaspora
* Africans
* Afro-Asian
* Afro-Latino



* Black British
* Black Canadians
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Black Indians
* Black pride, Black Power, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Black supremacy



* List of topics related to Black and African people
* Negritos
* Stereotypes of black people
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* The Minds of Marginalized Black Men (book)

Footnotes

1. ^ Human skin color diversity is highest or sub-Saharan African populations. NIH.gov
2. ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
3. ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
4. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-071-47256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
6. ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-763-76593-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
7. ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
8. ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
9. ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
10. ^ a b Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
11. ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
12. ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
13. ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
14. ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
15. ^ a b c Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
16. ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0156005832.
17. ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
18. ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
19. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
20. ^ Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
21. ^ Remembering East African slave raids
22. ^ The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over
23. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
24. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
25. ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
26. ^ The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)
27. ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
28. ^ Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations
29. ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
30. ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
31. ^ Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0714634875
32. ^ African Union Summit
33. ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Qur'an 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
34. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
35. ^ ""Slavery in Arabia"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
36. ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
37. ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
38. ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
39. ^ Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008
40. ^ The Ethiopian Population In Israel. Reuters. July 16, 2009.
41. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma. ABC News. August 12, 2009.
42. ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
43. ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
44. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr.. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream. [Google Video]. Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
45. ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. doi:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
46. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2004-09-08). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
47. ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0972529098. OCLC 61694280.
48. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
49. ^ 2000 US Census basics
50. ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
51. ^ a b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
52. ^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
53. ^ Sweet, Frank (Backintyme Essays). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. 2006-04-01. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
54. ^ a b Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
55. ^ "Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'". BBS News. 2007-04-13. http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
56. ^ White, John Kennet. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Race". Catholic University of America. http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm.
57. ^ a b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
58. ^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27. A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[96] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, e.g. Chechens.[97] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
Debates on race
Hamitic race
Further information: Hamitic

According to some historians, the tale in Genesis 9 in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.[98] According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the Deluge and giving rise to three separate races.[99]

The biblical passage, Book of Genesis 9:20–27, which deals with the sons of Noah, however, makes no reference to race. The reputed curse of Ham is not on Ham, but on Canaan, one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.[100][101] The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define black people, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.[101]

Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that black people were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.[102] According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:

in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.[102]

Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such racist interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like Philo and Origen of Alexandria, who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.[103]
In Afrocentrism
Main articles: Afrocentrism and Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left): Libyan, Nubian, Asiatic, Egyptians.

A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the ancient Egyptians was sparked as part of the Afrocentric debate.[104] Afrocentrist scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop contend that ancient Egypt was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is Herodotus, who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."[105] However, Classical scholar Frank Snowden, Jr. cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.[106]

Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.[107]

Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.[108] According to Egyptologists, ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.[104][109] Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an Africoid element was evident in ancient Egypt,[110] which was predominant in Abydos in the First dynasty of Egypt.[111][112]
See also

* African-American
* African diaspora
* Africans
* Afro-Asian
* Afro-Latino



* Black British
* Black Canadians
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Black Indians
* Black pride, Black Power, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Black supremacy



* List of topics related to Black and African people
* Negritos
* Stereotypes of black people
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* The Minds of Marginalized Black Men (book)

Footnotes

1. ^ Human skin color diversity is highest or sub-Saharan African populations. NIH.gov
2. ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
3. ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
4. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-071-47256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
6. ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-763-76593-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
7. ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
8. ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
9. ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
10. ^ a b Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
11. ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
12. ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
13. ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
14. ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
15. ^ a b c Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
16. ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0156005832.
17. ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
18. ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
19. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
20. ^ Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
21. ^ Remembering East African slave raids
22. ^ The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over
23. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
24. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
25. ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
26. ^ The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)
27. ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
28. ^ Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations
29. ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
30. ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
31. ^ Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0714634875
32. ^ African Union Summit
33. ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Qur'an 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
34. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
35. ^ ""Slavery in Arabia"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
36. ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
37. ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
38. ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
39. ^ Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008
40. ^ The Ethiopian Population In Israel. Reuters. July 16, 2009.
41. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma. ABC News. August 12, 2009.
42. ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
43. ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
44. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr.. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream. [Google Video]. Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
45. ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. doi:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
46. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2004-09-08). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
47. ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0972529098. OCLC 61694280.
48. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
49. ^ 2000 US Census basics
50. ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
51. ^ a b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
52. ^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
53. ^ Sweet, Frank (Backintyme Essays). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. 2006-04-01. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
54. ^ a b Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
55. ^ "Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'". BBS News. 2007-04-13. http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
56. ^ White, John Kennet. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Race". Catholic University of America. http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm.
57. ^ a b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
58. ^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27. A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[96] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, e.g. Chechens.[97] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
Debates on race
Hamitic race
Further information: Hamitic

According to some historians, the tale in Genesis 9 in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.[98] According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the Deluge and giving rise to three separate races.[99]

The biblical passage, Book of Genesis 9:20–27, which deals with the sons of Noah, however, makes no reference to race. The reputed curse of Ham is not on Ham, but on Canaan, one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.[100][101] The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define black people, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.[101]

Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that black people were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.[102] According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:

in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.[102]

Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such racist interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like Philo and Origen of Alexandria, who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.[103]
In Afrocentrism
Main articles: Afrocentrism and Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left): Libyan, Nubian, Asiatic, Egyptians.

A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the ancient Egyptians was sparked as part of the Afrocentric debate.[104] Afrocentrist scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop contend that ancient Egypt was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is Herodotus, who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."[105] However, Classical scholar Frank Snowden, Jr. cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.[106]

Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.[107]

Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.[108] According to Egyptologists, ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.[104][109] Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an Africoid element was evident in ancient Egypt,[110] which was predominant in Abydos in the First dynasty of Egypt.[111][112]
See also

* African-American
* African diaspora
* Africans
* Afro-Asian
* Afro-Latino



* Black British
* Black Canadians
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Black Indians
* Black pride, Black Power, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Black supremacy



* List of topics related to Black and African people
* Negritos
* Stereotypes of black people
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* The Minds of Marginalized Black Men (book)

Footnotes

1. ^ Human skin color diversity is highest or sub-Saharan African populations. NIH.gov
2. ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
3. ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
4. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-071-47256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
6. ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-763-76593-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
7. ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
8. ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
9. ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
10. ^ a b Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
11. ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
12. ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
13. ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
14. ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
15. ^ a b c Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
16. ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0156005832.
17. ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
18. ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
19. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
20. ^ Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
21. ^ Remembering East African slave raids
22. ^ The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over
23. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
24. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
25. ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
26. ^ The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)
27. ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
28. ^ Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations
29. ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
30. ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
31. ^ Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0714634875
32. ^ African Union Summit
33. ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Qur'an 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
34. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
35. ^ ""Slavery in Arabia"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
36. ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
37. ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
38. ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
39. ^ Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008
40. ^ The Ethiopian Population In Israel. Reuters. July 16, 2009.
41. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma. ABC News. August 12, 2009.
42. ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
43. ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
44. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr.. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream. [Google Video]. Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
45. ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. doi:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
46. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2004-09-08). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
47. ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0972529098. OCLC 61694280.
48. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
49. ^ 2000 US Census basics
50. ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
51. ^ a b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
52. ^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
53. ^ Sweet, Frank (Backintyme Essays). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. 2006-04-01. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
54. ^ a b Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
55. ^ "Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'". BBS News. 2007-04-13. http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
56. ^ White, John Kennet. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Race". Catholic University of America. http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm.
57. ^ a b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
58. ^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27. A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in Russia. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic Russians are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (chernye), and face specific sorts of social exclusion (see Racism in Russia). Roma, Georgians, and Tatars fall into this category.[96] Those referred to as "black" are from the former Soviet republics, predominantly peoples of the Caucasus, e.g. Chechens.[97] Although "Caucasian" is used in American English to mean "white people", in Russian – and most other varieties of English – it only refers to the Caucasus, not European people in general.
Debates on race
Hamitic race
Further information: Hamitic

According to some historians, the tale in Genesis 9 in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.[98] According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the Deluge and giving rise to three separate races.[99]

The biblical passage, Book of Genesis 9:20–27, which deals with the sons of Noah, however, makes no reference to race. The reputed curse of Ham is not on Ham, but on Canaan, one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.[100][101] The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define black people, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.[101]

Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that black people were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.[102] According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:

in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.[102]

Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such racist interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like Philo and Origen of Alexandria, who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.[103]
In Afrocentrism
Main articles: Afrocentrism and Ancient Egyptian race controversy
1820 drawing of a Book of Gates fresco of the tomb of Seti I, depicting (from left): Libyan, Nubian, Asiatic, Egyptians.

A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the ancient Egyptians was sparked as part of the Afrocentric debate.[104] Afrocentrist scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop contend that ancient Egypt was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is Herodotus, who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."[105] However, Classical scholar Frank Snowden, Jr. cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.[106]

Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.[107]

Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.[108] According to Egyptologists, ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.[104][109] Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an Africoid element was evident in ancient Egypt,[110] which was predominant in Abydos in the First dynasty of Egypt.[111][112]
See also

* African-American
* African diaspora
* Africans
* Afro-Asian
* Afro-Latino



* Black British
* Black Canadians
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Black Indians
* Black pride, Black Power, Black nationalism, Black separatism, Black supremacy



* List of topics related to Black and African people
* Negritos
* Stereotypes of black people
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* The Minds of Marginalized Black Men (book)

Footnotes

1. ^ Human skin color diversity is highest or sub-Saharan African populations. NIH.gov
2. ^ Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the Austronesians and Papuans, the Andamanese islanders, the Semang people of the Malay peninsula, the Aeta people of Luzon, and some other small populations of indigenous peoples.
3. ^ black. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved April 13, 2007, from Dictionary.com website
4. ^ Rogers, Alan R.; Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen (February 2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair". Current Anthropology (The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research) 45 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1086/381006. OCLC 193553649. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^ Nouri, Keyvan (2007). Skin Cancer. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 32. ISBN 0-071-47256-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TlhFQYziim8C&pg=PA32.
6. ^ Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (312). Health and Wellness. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-763-76593-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ki_fbxDZsHcC&pg=PA312.
7. ^ "Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer". http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp.
8. ^ "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin". Washington Post.
9. ^ Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007
10. ^ a b Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day, (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184
11. ^ a b Dale H. Johnson, Hair and hair care, (CRC Press: 1997), p.237
12. ^ Ethnic Skin and Hair E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007
13. ^ Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" Bio Signals Recep, 7(3), pages 188–194. 1998[not in citation given]
14. ^ Keita, Lansana (2004). "Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga". CODESRIA Bulletin (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 1 & 2: 16.
15. ^ a b c Shahadah, Owen 'Alik. "Linguistics for a new African reality". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm.
16. ^ Keith B., Richburg (Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)). Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa. Harvest/HBJ Book. ISBN 0156005832.
17. ^ Nullis, Clare (2007). "Township tourism booming in South Africa". The Associated Press. http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896.
18. ^ du Preez, Max (2006-04-13). "Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857.
19. ^ We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese, The Times
20. ^ Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
21. ^ Remembering East African slave raids
22. ^ The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is – and it's not over
23. ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
24. ^ Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. Oxford Univ Press 1994.
25. ^ ʿAbīd al-Bukhārī (Moroccan military organization). Encyclopædia Britannica.
26. ^ The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian? Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)
27. ^ Lewis 1994, Ch.1
28. ^ Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations
29. ^ Musselman, Anson. "The Subtle Racism of Latin America". UCLA International Institute. http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125.
30. ^ Louis Gosset Jr. Hollywood.com
31. ^ Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone pages 5–7,31 ISBN 0714634875
32. ^ African Union Summit
33. ^ See Tahfeem ul Qur'an by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Vol. 2 pp. 112–113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses [Qur'an 23:1]: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications
34. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir 4:24
35. ^ ""Slavery in Arabia"". "Owen 'Alik Shahadah". http://www.arabslavetrade.com.
36. ^ Hunwick, John. "Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery" (PDF). http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf.
37. ^ Labbé, Theola; Omar Fekeiki (2004-01-11). "A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
38. ^ Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008
39. ^ Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, Today's Zaman, 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008
40. ^ The Ethiopian Population In Israel. Reuters. July 16, 2009.
41. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma. ABC News. August 12, 2009.
42. ^ "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 , Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative, February 4, 2006
43. ^ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64
44. ^ Martin Luther King, Jr.. (August 28, 1963). I Have a Dream. [Google Video]. Washington, D.C.. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1732754907698549493. [dead link]
45. ^ Smith, Tom W. (Winter, 1992). "Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"" (PDF). The Public Opinion Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 56 (4): 496–514. doi:10.1086/269339. OCLC 192150485. http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf.
46. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2004-09-08). "Why I'm Black, Not African American". Los Angeles Times. http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
47. ^ Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006). What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0972529098. OCLC 61694280.
48. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (2004-08-29). "'African American' Becomes a Term for Debate". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
49. ^ 2000 US Census basics
50. ^ How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer
51. ^ a b James, F. Davis. "Who is Black? One Nation's Definition". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html.
52. ^ Clarence Page, A Credit to His Races, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, May 1, 1997.
53. ^ Sweet, Frank (Backintyme Essays). "Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule". The One-Drop Rule. 2006-04-01. http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
54. ^ a b Kroft, Steve (2007-02-11). "A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
55. ^ "Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'". BBS News. 2007-04-13. http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
56. ^ White, John Kennet. "Barack Obama and the Politics of Race". Catholic University of America. http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm.
57. ^ a b "Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript)" (pdf). BBC News. 2008-03-18. pp. p2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-27. "This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well." See also: video
58. ^ Adesioye, Lola (2008-06-27). "Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win". Comment is Free. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree. Retrieved 2008-06-27.

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To miejsce raczej bardziej na weekend ze względu na odległość ale byłem tam kilkakrotnie i mogę Ci polecić, jeśli chcesz odpocząć.

Skoro uważasz że słońce to photoshop to grubo się mylisz jest to 30min materiału przyśpieszony. czemu zrobiło sie kwadratowe nie wiem. Muzyka kwestia gustu mi się podoba. Skupiłem się na przyśpieszonym tempie bo miałem nadzieję pokazać przesuwający się cień ale dopracuje to jeszcze. zabrakło mi kasetki bo materiał obejmował 60min. Moja pierwsza próba z tego typu ujęciami. Ale każdą konstruktywną krytykę przyjmuję i wezme sobie do serca. Jak znajdę jeszcze któregoś dnia chęć by wstać o 3:30 rano to dopracuję niedociągnięcia:) Dzięki za każdy post.
A co do muzyki i obrazu fakt do tego się nie przykładałem :P


"Bo nie jest światło, by pod korcem stało."
Jestem przeciwny aborcji, bo jak pokazuje życie, wyskrobano nie tych, co trzeba.
"Zauważyłem, że wszyscy którzy są za aborcją, zdążyli się urodzić." - Ronald Reagan

Tu masz zdjęcie hotelu i tam jest nazwa :

http://www.booking.com/images/hotel/org/169/1692742.jpg

alternatywą dla Prusa 8 są ławki za sklepem Wieśka

Szczebiotka-
Napisz coś od siebie a nie kopiujesz gotowe teksty.

asw szczylu ty

EXPERT? nie wypowiadam się tym samym daję odpowiedz na temat tego sklepu, po za tym nie polecę żadnego sklepu, poprostu chodzisz szukasz, analizujesz i wybierasz najlepszą opcję. Pamiętajcie cena to główny ale najmniej ważny punkt kupna sprzętu. Za dobry jakościowo sprzęt trzeba zapłacić, jeśli ktoś dalej żyje pojęciem tanio i super to się myli w tej dziedzinie. Żeby nie odbijać od tematu nigdy nie było i nie będzi rat 0% chyba że sporządzasz odpowienią umowę ze sklepem który daje tobie "kredyt" a nie bank. oczywiście sklepów takich jest bardzo mało albo w ogóle ich nie ma. Zawsze jest jakieś oprocentowanie i do tego ubezpiecznie które jest praktycznie zawsze wliczone w koszt kredytu ale można z niego zrezygnować po odpowiednim upływie czasu. Wszystko jest w umowach ratalnych tylko sie nie chce ludziom czytać tych umów.

no

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